TY - JOUR
T1 - Indoor air pollution and exposure assessment of the gulf cooperation council countries
T2 - A critical review
AU - Amoatey, Patrick
AU - Omidvarborna, Hamid
AU - Baawain, Mahad Said
AU - Al-Mamun, Abdullah
N1 - Funding Information:
222 Rn Radon A measured in median AAS Atomic absorption spectrometry ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers B measured in 90th percentiles BaP benzo[ a ]pyrene BbF Benzo[ b ]fluoranthene BC Black carbon BDE Brominated diphenyl ether BETEX Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene C 2 H 2 O 2 Glyoxal C 5 H 10 O 2-pentanone CFC Chlorofluorocarbons CFD computational fluid dynamic CFU/m 3 Colony forming unit per cubic meter of air Cl 2 Chlorine gas CO Carbon monoxide CO 2 Carbon dioxide COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane EC Elemental carbon EPA Environmental Protection Agency FIFA The Fédération Internationale de Football Association FR Flame retardant GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GC-MS Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometer GDP gross domestic product GSAS Global sustainability assessment system H 2 S Hydrogen sulfide HCHO Formaldehyde HVAC heating, ventilation and air conditioning IAQ Indoor Air Quality IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer ICP-OES Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry IHD Ischemic heart diseases KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia LC Lung cancer NH 3 Ammonia NO 2 Nitrogen dioxide NOx Nitrogen oxides NTP National Toxicological program O 3 Ozone OR Odd ratios PAHs Polyaromatic hydrocarbons PBDEs Polybrominated diphenyl ethers PSD Platform screen doors PM Particulate matter PM 1 Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <1 μm PM 2.5 Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm PM 10 Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10 μm SO 2 Sulfur dioxide TPM total particulates TSP Total suspended particulate matter TVOC Total volatile organic compound UAE United Arab Emirates VOCs Volatile organic compounds WHO World Health Organization ΣOCs Organochlorines ΣPCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018
PY - 2018/12
Y1 - 2018/12
N2 - Indoor air pollution is one of the human health threat problems in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. In these countries, due to unfavorable meteorological conditions, such as elevated ambient temperature, high relative humidity, and natural events such as dust storms, people spend a substantial amount of their time in indoor environments. In addition, production of physical and biological aerosols from air conditioners, cooking activities, burning of Arabian incense, and overcrowding due to pilgrimage programs are common causes of low quality indoor air in this region. Thus, due to infiltration of outdoor sources as well as various indoor sources, people living in the GCC countries are highly exposed to indoor air pollutants. Inhalation of indoor air pollutants causes mortalities and morbidities attributed to cardiorespiratory, pulmonary, and lung cancer diseases. Hence, the aim of this review study is to provide a summary of the major findings of indoor air pollution studies in different microenvironments in six GCC countries. These include characterization of detected indoor air pollutants, exposure concentration levels, source identifications, sustainable building designs and ventilation systems, and the mitigation strategies. To do so, >130 relevant indoor air pollution studies across the GCC countries were critically reviewed. Particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and heavy metals were identified as the reported indoor air pollutants. Apart from them, indoor Radon and bioaerosols were studied only in specific GCC countries. Thus, future studies should also focus on the investigation of emerging indoor air pollutants, such as ultrafine and nanoparticles and their associated health effects. Furthermore, studies on the mitigation of indoor air pollution through the development of advanced air purification and ventilation systems could improve the indoor air quality (IAQ) in the GCC region.
AB - Indoor air pollution is one of the human health threat problems in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. In these countries, due to unfavorable meteorological conditions, such as elevated ambient temperature, high relative humidity, and natural events such as dust storms, people spend a substantial amount of their time in indoor environments. In addition, production of physical and biological aerosols from air conditioners, cooking activities, burning of Arabian incense, and overcrowding due to pilgrimage programs are common causes of low quality indoor air in this region. Thus, due to infiltration of outdoor sources as well as various indoor sources, people living in the GCC countries are highly exposed to indoor air pollutants. Inhalation of indoor air pollutants causes mortalities and morbidities attributed to cardiorespiratory, pulmonary, and lung cancer diseases. Hence, the aim of this review study is to provide a summary of the major findings of indoor air pollution studies in different microenvironments in six GCC countries. These include characterization of detected indoor air pollutants, exposure concentration levels, source identifications, sustainable building designs and ventilation systems, and the mitigation strategies. To do so, >130 relevant indoor air pollution studies across the GCC countries were critically reviewed. Particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and heavy metals were identified as the reported indoor air pollutants. Apart from them, indoor Radon and bioaerosols were studied only in specific GCC countries. Thus, future studies should also focus on the investigation of emerging indoor air pollutants, such as ultrafine and nanoparticles and their associated health effects. Furthermore, studies on the mitigation of indoor air pollution through the development of advanced air purification and ventilation systems could improve the indoor air quality (IAQ) in the GCC region.
KW - Exposure assessment
KW - GCC countries
KW - Indoor air pollution
KW - Mitigation
KW - Ventilation systems
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85054061398&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85054061398&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.043
DO - 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.043
M3 - Review article
C2 - 30286426
AN - SCOPUS:85054061398
SN - 0160-4120
VL - 121
SP - 491
EP - 506
JO - Environment international
JF - Environment international
ER -