TY - JOUR
T1 - The Love of Money and Pay Level Satisfaction
T2 - Measurement and Functional Equivalence in 29 Geopolitical Entities around the World
AU - Tang, Thomas Li Ping
AU - Sutarso, Toto
AU - Akande, Adebowale
AU - Allen, Michael W.
AU - Alzubaidi, Abdulgawi Salim
AU - Ansari, Mahfooz A.
AU - Arias-Galicia, Fernando
AU - Borg, Mark G.
AU - Canova, Luigina
AU - Charles-Pauvers, Brigitte
AU - Cheng, Bor Shiuan
AU - Chiu, Randy K.
AU - Du, Linzhi
AU - Garber, Ilya
AU - De La Torre, Consuelo Garcia
AU - Higgs, Rosario Correia
AU - Safwat Ibrahim, Abdul Hamid
AU - Jen, Chin Kang
AU - Kazem, Ali Mahdi
AU - Kim, Kilsun
AU - Geok Lim, Vivien Kim
AU - Luna-Arocas, Roberto
AU - Malovics, Eva
AU - Manganelli, Anna Maria
AU - Moreira, Alice S.
AU - Obiajulu Nnedum, Anthony Ugochukwu
AU - Osagie, Johnsto E.
AU - Osman-Gani, AAhad M.
AU - Pereira, Francisco Costa
AU - Pholsward, Ruja
AU - Pitariu, Horia D.
AU - Polic, Marko
AU - Sardzoska, Elisaveta
AU - Skobic, Petar
AU - Stembridge, Allen F.
AU - Tang, Theresa Li Na
AU - Hin Teo, Thompson Sian
AU - Tombolani, Marco
AU - Trontelj, Martina
AU - Urbain, Caroline
AU - Vlerick, Peter
PY - 2006
Y1 - 2006
N2 - Demonstrating the equivalence of constructs is a key requirement for cross- cultural empirical research. The major purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how to assess measurement and functional equivalence or invariance using the 9-item, 3-factor Love of Money Scale (LOMS, a second-order factor model) and the 4-item, 1-factor Pay Level Satisfaction Scale (PLSS, a first-order factor model) across 29 samples in six continents (N = 5973). In step 1, we tested the configural, metric and scalar invariance of the LOMS and 17 samples achieved measurement invariance. In step 2, we applied the same procedures to the PLSS and nine samples achieved measurement invariance. Five samples (Brazil, China, South Africa, Spain and the USA) passed the measurement invariance criteria for both measures. In step 3, we found that for these two measures, common method variance was non-significant. In step 4, we tested the functional equivalence between the Love of Money Scale and Pay Level Satisfaction Scale. We achieved functional equivalence for these two scales in all five samples. The results of this study suggest the critical importance of evaluating and establishing measurement equivalence in cross-cultural studies. Suggestions for remedying measurement non-equivalence are offered.
AB - Demonstrating the equivalence of constructs is a key requirement for cross- cultural empirical research. The major purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how to assess measurement and functional equivalence or invariance using the 9-item, 3-factor Love of Money Scale (LOMS, a second-order factor model) and the 4-item, 1-factor Pay Level Satisfaction Scale (PLSS, a first-order factor model) across 29 samples in six continents (N = 5973). In step 1, we tested the configural, metric and scalar invariance of the LOMS and 17 samples achieved measurement invariance. In step 2, we applied the same procedures to the PLSS and nine samples achieved measurement invariance. Five samples (Brazil, China, South Africa, Spain and the USA) passed the measurement invariance criteria for both measures. In step 3, we found that for these two measures, common method variance was non-significant. In step 4, we tested the functional equivalence between the Love of Money Scale and Pay Level Satisfaction Scale. We achieved functional equivalence for these two scales in all five samples. The results of this study suggest the critical importance of evaluating and establishing measurement equivalence in cross-cultural studies. Suggestions for remedying measurement non-equivalence are offered.
KW - 29 geopolitical entities
KW - cross-cultural empirical research
KW - functional equivalence
KW - measurement invariance
KW - pay level satisfaction
KW - the love of money
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=34248636879&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=34248636879&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00051.x
DO - 10.1111/j.1740-8784.2006.00051.x
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:34248636879
SN - 1740-8776
VL - 2
SP - 423
EP - 452
JO - Management and Organization Review
JF - Management and Organization Review
IS - 3
ER -