TY - JOUR
T1 - Remote sensing of inland Sabkha and a study of the salinity and temporal stability for sustainable development
T2 - A case study from the West coast of Qatar
AU - Rajendran, Sankaran
AU - Al-Kuwari, Hamad Al Saad
AU - Sadooni, Fadhil N.
AU - Nasir, Sobhi
AU - Govil, Himanshu
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported by the Qatar National Research Fund under the National Priorities Research Program (grant no NPRP10-0214-170462 ). The authors are thankful to the USGS Data Management and Information Distribution (DMID) ( https://glovis.usgs.gov/ ) for sharing the ASTER and Hyperion data, and the Copernicus, European Space Agency for sharing the Sentinel-2 data through sentinel open access hub ( https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/sentinel-data-access ). The measurement of spectra using the PIMA spectrometer was supported by the Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. The authors are also thankful to Mr. Dan Jerry Cortes (Gas Processing Center, QU) who carried out the XRD analysis, and Mr. Caesar Flonasca Sorino (Environmental Science Center, QU) who measured the physical parameters of field samples. Mr. Fahad Syed Asim supported the field works. The authors are thankful to Prof. Fernando A.L. Pacheco, the Associate Editor and anonymous reviewers of the journal for their valuable reviews, providing comments and suggestions that have helped to present the work lucidly. Open access funding provided by the Qatar National Library.
Funding Information:
This study was supported by the Qatar National Research Fund under the National Priorities Research Program (grant no NPRP10-0214-170462). The authors are thankful to the USGS Data Management and Information Distribution (DMID) (https://glovis.usgs.gov/) for sharing the ASTER and Hyperion data, and the Copernicus, European Space Agency for sharing the Sentinel-2 data through sentinel open access hub (https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/sentinel-data-access). The measurement of spectra using the PIMA spectrometer was supported by the Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. The authors are also thankful to Mr. Dan Jerry Cortes (Gas Processing Center, QU) who carried out the XRD analysis, and Mr. Caesar Flonasca Sorino (Environmental Science Center, QU) who measured the physical parameters of field samples. Mr. Fahad Syed Asim supported the field works. The authors are thankful to Prof. Fernando A.L. Pacheco, the Associate Editor and anonymous reviewers of the journal for their valuable reviews, providing comments and suggestions that have helped to present the work lucidly. Open access funding provided by the Qatar National Library.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Authors
PY - 2021/8/15
Y1 - 2021/8/15
N2 - The inland sabkha of the Arabian Gulf is important to study for the occurrence of minerals, rocks, soil salinity, and stability of the sabkha due to the high demand for infrastructure and agriculture development region. This study describes the spectral absorptions of evaporite minerals, discriminates rocks, maps salt crusts, gypsiferous soil flats, and soil salinity, and studies the temporal stability of an inland sabkha of the Dukhan area, west coast of the State of Qatar. This was performed using satellite data of the Hyperion of EO1, ASTER of Terra, and multispectral instrument (MSI) of Sentinel-2. The occurrence of minerals in the area is detected using Hyperion data by the linear spectral unmixing (LSU) method and studied for their spatial distribution. The different geological formations of the sabkha were discriminated by using the VNIR (visible and near-infrared) and SWIR (shortwave infrared) spectral bands from ASTER by principal component analysis (PCA). The image developed by using the principal components (R:PC2, G:PC3, B:PC5) showed the formations in different tones. Salinity of the area was mapped using monthly data of MSI from 2018 to 2020 by normalized difference salinity index (NDSI) (band11-band12)/(band11 + band12). The results of the index displayed the distribution of salinity in the area. Besides, moisture of the area was studied by using the normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) (b8-b11)/(b8 + b11) and described the temporal stability of the sabkha. All the results of image analyses were validated through field and laboratory studies. The study of laboratory spectra of evaporite minerals namely gypsum, anhydrite, and halite present in the salt crusts and gypsiferous soil flats showed their unique spectral absorptions in between 1.4–1.5 μm and 1.9–2.0 μm whereas, the calcite and dolomite minerals of the carbonate formations exhibited deep absorptions near 2.345 and 2.495 μm respectively.
AB - The inland sabkha of the Arabian Gulf is important to study for the occurrence of minerals, rocks, soil salinity, and stability of the sabkha due to the high demand for infrastructure and agriculture development region. This study describes the spectral absorptions of evaporite minerals, discriminates rocks, maps salt crusts, gypsiferous soil flats, and soil salinity, and studies the temporal stability of an inland sabkha of the Dukhan area, west coast of the State of Qatar. This was performed using satellite data of the Hyperion of EO1, ASTER of Terra, and multispectral instrument (MSI) of Sentinel-2. The occurrence of minerals in the area is detected using Hyperion data by the linear spectral unmixing (LSU) method and studied for their spatial distribution. The different geological formations of the sabkha were discriminated by using the VNIR (visible and near-infrared) and SWIR (shortwave infrared) spectral bands from ASTER by principal component analysis (PCA). The image developed by using the principal components (R:PC2, G:PC3, B:PC5) showed the formations in different tones. Salinity of the area was mapped using monthly data of MSI from 2018 to 2020 by normalized difference salinity index (NDSI) (band11-band12)/(band11 + band12). The results of the index displayed the distribution of salinity in the area. Besides, moisture of the area was studied by using the normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) (b8-b11)/(b8 + b11) and described the temporal stability of the sabkha. All the results of image analyses were validated through field and laboratory studies. The study of laboratory spectra of evaporite minerals namely gypsum, anhydrite, and halite present in the salt crusts and gypsiferous soil flats showed their unique spectral absorptions in between 1.4–1.5 μm and 1.9–2.0 μm whereas, the calcite and dolomite minerals of the carbonate formations exhibited deep absorptions near 2.345 and 2.495 μm respectively.
KW - Dukhan
KW - Inland Sabkha
KW - Qatar
KW - Remote sensing
KW - Salinity
KW - Temporal stability
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85104051237&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85104051237&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146932
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146932
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85104051237
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 782
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
M1 - 146932
ER -