TY - JOUR
T1 - Flaviviruses in europe
T2 - Complex circulation patterns and their consequences for the diagnosis and control of west nile disease
AU - Beck, Cécile
AU - Jimenez-Clavero, Miguel Angel
AU - Leblond, Agnès
AU - Durand, Benoît
AU - Nowotny, Norbert
AU - Leparc-Goffart, Isabelle
AU - Zientara, Stéphan
AU - Jourdain, Elsa
AU - Lecollinet, Sylvie
PY - 2013/11/12
Y1 - 2013/11/12
N2 - In Europe, many flaviviruses are endemic (West Nile, Usutu, tick-borne encephalitis viruses) or occasionally imported (dengue, yellow fever viruses). Due to the temporal and geographical co-circulation of flaviviruses in Europe, flavivirus differentiation by diagnostic tests is crucial in the adaptation of surveillance and control efforts. Serological diagnosis of flavivirus infections is complicated by the antigenic similarities among the Flavivirus genus. Indeed, most flavivirus antibodies are directed against the highly immunogenic envelope protein, which contains both flavivirus cross-reactive and virus-specific epitopes. Serological assay results should thus be interpreted with care and confirmed by comparative neutralization tests using a panel of viruses known to circulate in Europe. However, antibody cross-reactivity could be advantageous in efforts to control emerging flaviviruses because it ensures partial cross-protection. In contrast, it might also facilitate subsequent diseases, through a phenomenon called antibody-dependent enhancement mainly described for dengue virus infections. Here, we review the serological methods commonly used in WNV diagnosis and surveillance in Europe. By examining past and current epidemiological situations in different European countries, we present the challenges involved in interpreting flavivirus serological tests and setting up appropriate surveillance programs; we also address the consequences of flavivirus circulation and vaccination for host immunity.
AB - In Europe, many flaviviruses are endemic (West Nile, Usutu, tick-borne encephalitis viruses) or occasionally imported (dengue, yellow fever viruses). Due to the temporal and geographical co-circulation of flaviviruses in Europe, flavivirus differentiation by diagnostic tests is crucial in the adaptation of surveillance and control efforts. Serological diagnosis of flavivirus infections is complicated by the antigenic similarities among the Flavivirus genus. Indeed, most flavivirus antibodies are directed against the highly immunogenic envelope protein, which contains both flavivirus cross-reactive and virus-specific epitopes. Serological assay results should thus be interpreted with care and confirmed by comparative neutralization tests using a panel of viruses known to circulate in Europe. However, antibody cross-reactivity could be advantageous in efforts to control emerging flaviviruses because it ensures partial cross-protection. In contrast, it might also facilitate subsequent diseases, through a phenomenon called antibody-dependent enhancement mainly described for dengue virus infections. Here, we review the serological methods commonly used in WNV diagnosis and surveillance in Europe. By examining past and current epidemiological situations in different European countries, we present the challenges involved in interpreting flavivirus serological tests and setting up appropriate surveillance programs; we also address the consequences of flavivirus circulation and vaccination for host immunity.
KW - ADE
KW - Antibodies
KW - Cross-protection
KW - Cross-reactivity
KW - Diagnosis
KW - Flaviviruses
KW - Natural infection
KW - Vaccination
KW - Vector-borne diseases
KW - West nile virus
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84887457234&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84887457234&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/ijerph10116049
DO - 10.3390/ijerph10116049
M3 - Review article
C2 - 24225644
AN - SCOPUS:84887457234
SN - 1661-7827
VL - 10
SP - 6049
EP - 6083
JO - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
IS - 11
ER -