Abstract
Purification of biodiesel prior to utilizing it as an alternative fuel is an essential industrial practice. Low glycerol content is one of the important pointers needed for passing the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 international biodiesel standards. In this study, choline chloride (ChCl) as salt and ethylene glycol and 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) were employed to synthesize two ammonium salt-non glycerol based Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES). The physical properties of the synthesized DESs were measured and analyzed. These DESs were utilized to remove all the free glycerol from the palm oil-based biodiesel. The results indicated that all the tested DESs were able to remove all free glycerol successfully. The Central Composite Design (CCD) of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to to experiment design and optimization of total glycerol removal using ethylene glycol-based DESs and 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide-based DESs. The maximum total glycerol removal by ethylene glycol-based DESs was obtained at 0.66 ethylene glycol mole fraction and at DES/biodiesel molar ratio of 3 with removal efficiency of 23.85% as well as by 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide-based DESs at 0.60 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide mole fraction and at DES/biodiesel molar ratio of 2.93 with removal efficiency of 29.29%. The reusability of these DESs for removing free glycerol and total glycerol content from palm oil-based biodiesel was also investigated. This study proves that both ammonium salt-non glycerol based DESs can be successfully employed to remove the glycerol from palm oil-based biodiesel.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1184-1193 |
| Number of pages | 10 |
| Journal | Separation Science and Technology (Philadelphia) |
| Volume | 48 |
| Issue number | 8 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Apr 2013 |
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Keywords
- biodiesel
- deep eutectic solvents
- glycerol
- palm oil
- purification
- transesterification
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Chemistry(all)
- Process Chemistry and Technology
- Chemical Engineering(all)
- Filtration and Separation
Cite this
Elimination of All Free Glycerol and Reduction of Total Glycerol from Palm Oil-Based Biodiesel Using Non-Glycerol Based Deep Eutectic Solvents. / Shahbaz, Kaveh; Mjalli, Farouq S.; Hashim, Mohd Ali; AlNashef, Inas M.
In: Separation Science and Technology (Philadelphia), Vol. 48, No. 8, 04.2013, p. 1184-1193.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Elimination of All Free Glycerol and Reduction of Total Glycerol from Palm Oil-Based Biodiesel Using Non-Glycerol Based Deep Eutectic Solvents
AU - Shahbaz, Kaveh
AU - Mjalli, Farouq S.
AU - Hashim, Mohd Ali
AU - AlNashef, Inas M.
PY - 2013/4
Y1 - 2013/4
N2 - Purification of biodiesel prior to utilizing it as an alternative fuel is an essential industrial practice. Low glycerol content is one of the important pointers needed for passing the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 international biodiesel standards. In this study, choline chloride (ChCl) as salt and ethylene glycol and 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) were employed to synthesize two ammonium salt-non glycerol based Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES). The physical properties of the synthesized DESs were measured and analyzed. These DESs were utilized to remove all the free glycerol from the palm oil-based biodiesel. The results indicated that all the tested DESs were able to remove all free glycerol successfully. The Central Composite Design (CCD) of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to to experiment design and optimization of total glycerol removal using ethylene glycol-based DESs and 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide-based DESs. The maximum total glycerol removal by ethylene glycol-based DESs was obtained at 0.66 ethylene glycol mole fraction and at DES/biodiesel molar ratio of 3 with removal efficiency of 23.85% as well as by 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide-based DESs at 0.60 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide mole fraction and at DES/biodiesel molar ratio of 2.93 with removal efficiency of 29.29%. The reusability of these DESs for removing free glycerol and total glycerol content from palm oil-based biodiesel was also investigated. This study proves that both ammonium salt-non glycerol based DESs can be successfully employed to remove the glycerol from palm oil-based biodiesel.
AB - Purification of biodiesel prior to utilizing it as an alternative fuel is an essential industrial practice. Low glycerol content is one of the important pointers needed for passing the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 international biodiesel standards. In this study, choline chloride (ChCl) as salt and ethylene glycol and 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) were employed to synthesize two ammonium salt-non glycerol based Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES). The physical properties of the synthesized DESs were measured and analyzed. These DESs were utilized to remove all the free glycerol from the palm oil-based biodiesel. The results indicated that all the tested DESs were able to remove all free glycerol successfully. The Central Composite Design (CCD) of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to to experiment design and optimization of total glycerol removal using ethylene glycol-based DESs and 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide-based DESs. The maximum total glycerol removal by ethylene glycol-based DESs was obtained at 0.66 ethylene glycol mole fraction and at DES/biodiesel molar ratio of 3 with removal efficiency of 23.85% as well as by 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide-based DESs at 0.60 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetamide mole fraction and at DES/biodiesel molar ratio of 2.93 with removal efficiency of 29.29%. The reusability of these DESs for removing free glycerol and total glycerol content from palm oil-based biodiesel was also investigated. This study proves that both ammonium salt-non glycerol based DESs can be successfully employed to remove the glycerol from palm oil-based biodiesel.
KW - biodiesel
KW - deep eutectic solvents
KW - glycerol
KW - palm oil
KW - purification
KW - transesterification
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84877276468&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84877276468&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1080/01496395.2012.731124
DO - 10.1080/01496395.2012.731124
M3 - Article
VL - 48
SP - 1184
EP - 1193
JO - Separation Science and Technology
JF - Separation Science and Technology
SN - 0149-6395
IS - 8
ER -