Distance, virtual, electronic, mobile and ubiquitous learning environments: Taxonomy study

Distance, virtual, electronic, mobile and ubiquitous learning are widely used as interchangeable terms. It is uncommon that researchers face difficulties to distinguish between different learning environments. A clear understanding of the concepts of these learning models and their fundamental differences are necessary for both learning and educational communities. This article reveals the differences and reviews the concepts of learning models. A mixed-method analysis of research articles has been implemented to find out an appropriate set of comparison criteria between learning models including context, accessibility, availability, time and place restriction, dependence, capacity, communication and interaction. Based on the selected criteria’s the results reveal that there are a number of differences between learning models and distinguishing between learning models is important. This is to assure clear understanding of the learning concepts and thus build reliable communication between different members of technical teams, clients, vendors, and the research community.