Atmospheric carbon removal via industrial biochar systems: A techno-economic-environmental study

It is critical to develop carbon removal projects that are both effective and financially viable. Herein, we investigated the carbon removal potential of an industrial biochar system in Spain. This study is the first to assess the techno-economic-environmental impact of large-scale olive tree pruning residue pyrolysis for atmospheric carbon removal, using an integrated assessment framework that is based on current market dynamics. Production optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) was carried out, aiming to maximize yield, production throughput and stable carbon content while prioritizing stability. It was determined that optimized biochar production was attained at 650 °C and 15 min residence time. Furthermore, a biochar plant with a biomass processing capacity of 6.5 tonnes-per-hour was designed for further analysis. A thermodynamic model was developed using Advanced System for Process Engineering (ASPEN Plus) software, and the process was determined to be self-sufficient with the availability of surplus energy. Moreover, a life cycle assessment (cradle-to-grave) revealed that approximately 2.68 tCO₂e are permanently removed from the atmosphere per tonne of biochar produced, after accounting for the carbon footprint of the entire process. This corresponds to a carbon removal capacity of 3.26 tCO₂e per hour and the removal of approximately 24,450 tCO₂e annually. The economic assessment revealed that the project is profitable; however, profitability is sensitive to pricing of the carbon removal service and biochar. A project internal rate of return (IRR) of 22.35% is achieved at a price combination of EUR 110/tonne CO₂e removal and EUR 350/tonne biochar, and a feedstock cost of 45 EUR/tonne (delivered with 20% moisture content), where service and product pricing are both within the lower bound of market pricing. If the project was exclusively designed to offer a carbon removal service, a minimum price of EUR 206/tonne CO₂e removal is required to achieve project profitability, based on the same feedstock cost. The findings of this study demonstrate the viability of immediately deploying large-scale biochar-based carbon removal via pyrolytic conversion of olive tree pruning residues to address the climate crisis.