Performance of AERMOD and CALPUFF models on SO₂ and NO₂ emissions for future health risk assessment in Tema Metropolis

AERMOD results were compared with the reported CALPUFF results to estimate the concentrations and temporal distributions of SO₂ and NO₂ from Tema Oil Refinery with particlar attention to heavy rainy season (HRS), minor rainy season (MRS), and dry season (DS). Statistical indices, including the fractional bias (FB), geometric mean variance (VG), normalized mean square error (NMSE), index of agreement (IOA), and geometric mean bias (MG), were used to assess the reliability of the models. Overall, AERMOD better predicted ambient SO₂ and NO₂ levels than the reported CALPUFF model. For SO₂, AERMOD showed a good agreement with FB, IOA, and MG while CALPUFF showed a good prediction in NMSE and VG. Also, AERMOD predicted NO₂ well with NMSE, IOA, MG, and VG compared with FB for CALPUFF. The MRS results showed higher hourly maximum concentrations (107.4 µg/m³ for SO₂ and 31.7 µg/m³ for NO₂). Maximum daily concentrations were slightly higher in HRS (37.7 µg/m³ for SO₂ and 9.6 µg/m³ for NO₂) compared to MRS and DS. The performace of the models may provide a better understanding for future epidemiological studies.