TY - JOUR
T1 - Multivariate analysis of accumulation and critical risk analysis of potentially hazardous elements in forage crops
AU - Usman, Muhammad
AU - Murtaza, Behzad
AU - Natasha, Natasha
AU - Imran, Muhammad
AU - Abbas, Ghulam
AU - Amjad, Muhammad
AU - Shahid, Muhammad
AU - Ibrahim, Sobhy M.
AU - Owens, Gary
AU - Murtaza, Ghulam
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
PY - 2022/2/1
Y1 - 2022/2/1
N2 - Potentially hazardous element (PHE) contamination of aquifers is an issue of global concern, as this not only affects soil and plants but also exerts a negative impact on livestock. The current study assessed the extent of PHE (cadmium, copper, nickel, and lead) contamination of groundwater, soil, and forage crops in Shorkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Low concentrations of PHEs, particularly Cd and Cu, were found in drinking water which remained below detection limits. The concentrations of Ni and Pb in water samples were 0.1 and 0.06 mg L−1, respectively. Calculated risk indices showed that there was a high carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to livestock (sheep and cow/buffalo) from the ingestion of Ni- and Pb-contaminated water. Soil irrigation with contaminated water resulted in PHE accumulation (Cd: 0.4 mg kg−1, Cu: 16.8 mg kg−1, Ni: 17.6 mg kg−1, Pb: 7.7 mg kg−1) in soil and transfer to forage crops. The potential impact of PHE contamination of the groundwater on fodder plants was estimated for animal health by calculating the average daily dose (ADD), the hazard quotient (HQ), and the cancer risk (CR). While none of the PHEs in forage plants showed any carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic risk to livestock, a high exposure risk occurred from contaminated water (HQ: 12.9, CR: 0.02). This study provides baseline data for future research on the risks of PHE accumulation in livestock and their food products. Moreover, future research is warranted to fully understand the transfer of PHEs from livestock products to humans.
AB - Potentially hazardous element (PHE) contamination of aquifers is an issue of global concern, as this not only affects soil and plants but also exerts a negative impact on livestock. The current study assessed the extent of PHE (cadmium, copper, nickel, and lead) contamination of groundwater, soil, and forage crops in Shorkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Low concentrations of PHEs, particularly Cd and Cu, were found in drinking water which remained below detection limits. The concentrations of Ni and Pb in water samples were 0.1 and 0.06 mg L−1, respectively. Calculated risk indices showed that there was a high carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to livestock (sheep and cow/buffalo) from the ingestion of Ni- and Pb-contaminated water. Soil irrigation with contaminated water resulted in PHE accumulation (Cd: 0.4 mg kg−1, Cu: 16.8 mg kg−1, Ni: 17.6 mg kg−1, Pb: 7.7 mg kg−1) in soil and transfer to forage crops. The potential impact of PHE contamination of the groundwater on fodder plants was estimated for animal health by calculating the average daily dose (ADD), the hazard quotient (HQ), and the cancer risk (CR). While none of the PHEs in forage plants showed any carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic risk to livestock, a high exposure risk occurred from contaminated water (HQ: 12.9, CR: 0.02). This study provides baseline data for future research on the risks of PHE accumulation in livestock and their food products. Moreover, future research is warranted to fully understand the transfer of PHEs from livestock products to humans.
KW - Drinking/irrigation water
KW - Exposure risk assessment
KW - Forage crops
KW - Livestock
KW - Potentially toxic metals
KW - Soil contamination
KW - Multivariate Analysis
KW - Environmental Monitoring
KW - Risk Assessment
KW - Animals
KW - Soil
KW - Sheep
KW - Crops, Agricultural
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85123972619&partnerID=8YFLogxK
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U2 - 10.1007/s10661-022-09799-8
DO - 10.1007/s10661-022-09799-8
M3 - Article
C2 - 35112276
AN - SCOPUS:85123972619
SN - 0167-6369
VL - 194
JO - Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
JF - Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
IS - 2
M1 - 139
ER -