TY - JOUR
T1 - Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis
T2 - the role of tourism and ecological footprint
AU - Ozturk, Ilhan
AU - Al-Mulali, Usama
AU - Saboori, Behnaz
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
PY - 2016/1/1
Y1 - 2016/1/1
N2 - The main objective of this study is to examine the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an environment indicator and GDP from tourism as the economic indicator. To achieve this goal, an environmental degradation model is established during the period of 1988–2008 for 144 countries. The results from the time series generalized method of moments (GMM) and the system panel GMM revealed that the number of countries that have a negative relationship between the ecological footprint and its determinants (GDP growth from tourism, energy consumption, trade openness, and urbanization) is more existent in the upper middle- and high-income countries. Moreover, the EKC hypothesis is more present in the upper middle- and high-income countries than the other income countries. From the outcome of this research, a number of policy recommendations were provided for the investigated countries.
AB - The main objective of this study is to examine the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an environment indicator and GDP from tourism as the economic indicator. To achieve this goal, an environmental degradation model is established during the period of 1988–2008 for 144 countries. The results from the time series generalized method of moments (GMM) and the system panel GMM revealed that the number of countries that have a negative relationship between the ecological footprint and its determinants (GDP growth from tourism, energy consumption, trade openness, and urbanization) is more existent in the upper middle- and high-income countries. Moreover, the EKC hypothesis is more present in the upper middle- and high-income countries than the other income countries. From the outcome of this research, a number of policy recommendations were provided for the investigated countries.
KW - Ecological footprint
KW - Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis
KW - GDP from tourism
KW - The generalized method of moments
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U2 - 10.1007/s11356-015-5447-x
DO - 10.1007/s11356-015-5447-x
M3 - Article
C2 - 26408117
AN - SCOPUS:84954397217
SN - 0944-1344
VL - 23
SP - 1916
EP - 1928
JO - Environmental Science and Pollution Research
JF - Environmental Science and Pollution Research
IS - 2
ER -