TY - JOUR
T1 - Encapsulated deep eutectic solvent for esterification of free fatty acid
AU - Hayyan, Adeeb
AU - Hizaddin, Hanee F.
AU - Abed, Khalid M.
AU - Mjalli, Farouq S.
AU - Hashim, Mohd Ali
AU - Abo-Hamad, Ali
AU - Saleh, Jehad
AU - Aljohani, Abdullah S.M.
AU - Alharbi, Yousef M.
AU - Alhumaydhi, Fahad A.
AU - Ahmad, Abdul Aziz
AU - Yeow, Andrew T.H.
AU - Aldeehani, Ahmaad Kadmouse
AU - Alajmi, Falah D.H.
AU - Al Nashef, Inas
N1 - Funding Information:
The financial support of the Research Center of College of Engineering, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, and the assistance of Ms. Shahida Rashid with some of the experiments are gratefully acknowledged. In addition, the authors would like to express their gratitude to the Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL) University of Malaya and Centre for Separation Science & Technology (CSST), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya.
Funding Information:
The financial support of the Research Center of College of Engineering, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, and the assistance of Ms. Shahida Rashid with some of the experiments are gratefully acknowledged. In addition, the authors would like to express their gratitude to the Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL) University of Malaya and Centre for Separation Science & Technology (CSST), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2022/1
Y1 - 2022/1
N2 - A novel encapsulated deep eutectic solvent (DES) was introduced for biodiesel production via a two-step process. The DES was encapsulated in medical capsules and were used to reduce the free fatty acid (FFA) content of acidic crude palm oil (ACPO) to the minimum acceptable level (< 1%). The DES was synthesized from methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (MTPB) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA). The effects pertaining to different operating conditions such as capsule dosage, reaction time, molar ratio, and reaction temperature were optimized. The FFA content of ACPO was reduced from existing 9.61% to less than 1% under optimum operating conditions. This indicated that encapsulated MTPB-DES performed high catalytic activity in FFA esterification reaction and showed considerable activity even after four consecutive recycling runs. The produced biodiesel after acid esterification and alkaline transesterification met the EN14214 international biodiesel standard specifications. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to introduce an acidic catalyst in capsule form. This method presents a new route for the safe storage of new materials to be used for biofuel production. Conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) representation of the DES using σ-profile and σ-potential graphs indicated that MTPB and PTSA is a compatible combination due to the balanced presence and affinity towards hydrogen bond donor and hydrogen bond acceptor in each constituent.
AB - A novel encapsulated deep eutectic solvent (DES) was introduced for biodiesel production via a two-step process. The DES was encapsulated in medical capsules and were used to reduce the free fatty acid (FFA) content of acidic crude palm oil (ACPO) to the minimum acceptable level (< 1%). The DES was synthesized from methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (MTPB) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA). The effects pertaining to different operating conditions such as capsule dosage, reaction time, molar ratio, and reaction temperature were optimized. The FFA content of ACPO was reduced from existing 9.61% to less than 1% under optimum operating conditions. This indicated that encapsulated MTPB-DES performed high catalytic activity in FFA esterification reaction and showed considerable activity even after four consecutive recycling runs. The produced biodiesel after acid esterification and alkaline transesterification met the EN14214 international biodiesel standard specifications. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to introduce an acidic catalyst in capsule form. This method presents a new route for the safe storage of new materials to be used for biofuel production. Conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) representation of the DES using σ-profile and σ-potential graphs indicated that MTPB and PTSA is a compatible combination due to the balanced presence and affinity towards hydrogen bond donor and hydrogen bond acceptor in each constituent.
KW - Biodiesel
KW - Encapsulated chemicals deep eutectic solvent
KW - Esterification
KW - Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide
KW - p-Toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85116066801&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85116066801&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/fb42c09a-41cb-3aae-b530-67c90c2acfa5/
U2 - 10.1007/s13399-021-01913-z
DO - 10.1007/s13399-021-01913-z
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85116066801
SN - 2190-6815
VL - 12
SP - 3725
EP - 3735
JO - Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
JF - Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
IS - 9
ER -
