Toxic effects of two emerging pollutants on native fish under different environmental conditions

المشروع: Other project

تفاصيل المشروع

Description

Recent studies have found man-made plastics in every environment from Antarctica to the bottom of Mariners Trench. They have also been found in the diet of most animals including humans. Microplastics are plastic fragments less than 5 mm in length and are the most ubiquitous but least understood form of plastic pollution. Manufactured nanoparticles are man-made structures with at least one dimension less than 100 ?m. nanoparticles are used in paints, cosmetics, electronics, transformers, pharmaceuticals, clothing and construction. Because of their widespread and increasing uses, nanoparticles are increasing finding their way into freshwater ecosystems. This study will measure the effects of microplastics and metallic nanoparticles on the survival, growth, histology and biochemistry of the native wadi fish Aphanius dispar. The results will lead to a clearer understanding of the risks posed by these emerging pollutants and how to best manage harm reduction.

Layman's description

Recent studies have found man-made plastics in every environment from Antarctica to the bottom of Mariners Trench. They have also been found in the diet of most animals including humans. Microplastics are plastic fragments less than 5 mm in length and are the most ubiquitous but least understood form of plastic pollution. Manufactured nanoparticles are man-made structures with at least one dimension less than 100 ?m. nanoparticles are used in paints, cosmetics, electronics, transformers, pharmaceuticals, clothing and construction. Because of their widespread and increasing uses, nanoparticles are increasing finding their way into freshwater ecosystems. This study will measure the effects of microplastics and metallic nanoparticles on the survival, growth, histology and biochemistry of the native wadi fish Aphanius dispar. The results will lead to a clearer understanding of the risks posed by these emerging pollutants and how to best manage harm reduction.

Key findings

Nanotechnology is the use of nanoscale materials in industry, environmental solutions and in medicine (Johnston et al., 2010). Nanoparticles by definition have at least on dimension in the range from 1-100 nm dimensions (Moore 2006). Current uses of nanoparticles include Ag and TiO2 nanoparticles in food packaging. While Fe and TiO2 nanoparticles are used for wound dressing, waste water treatment;TiO2, ZnO2 nanoparticles are used for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, biosensors and antimicrobial coatings (De la Calle et al., 2016). ZnO-NPs are used in plastics, batteries, sunscreen, fire retardants and pigments As a result of these applications there is the potential for environmental and human exposure to nanoparticles (Johnston et al., 2010; Ma et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2016). Although the production of nanoparticles has increased exponentially in the past decade, relatively few studies have been done on the impact of nanoparticles on environmental or human health. Most published studies discuss the effect of nanoparticles on organ systems either in vitro or in vivo (Zhu et al., 2010). There are many factors that influence the toxicity of nanoparticles including size, shape, material, methods of synthesis and the surface coating of nanoparticles (Suresh et al., 2013; Nowack and Bucheli 2007). The dissolution of nanoparticles into ions is consider as a primary cause of nanoparticle toxicity (Suresh et al., 2013). Zn+2 can induce cytotoxicity and damage to mitochondria and lysosomes, eventually causing cell death (Xia et al., 2008). The toxicity of TiO2-NPs on aquatic organism and bacteria varies, depending on time of exposure, properties of nanoparticles, lighting condition and type of species. Microplastics are defined as plastic debris in the form of solid organic polymers with maximum size 5 mm. Due to rapid production of plastics over the last 60 years, microplastics have been detected globally including aquatic ecosystem such as lakes, oceans, sediments and in marine foods (e.g salts and seafood). Most of microplastic comes from human products such as synthetic cloths, tires, cosmetics and disposable plastic packaging (Batel et al., 2018). The classification of microplastics depends on their sources and size. Primary sources mean microplastic made intentionally, while secondary sources are generated from weathering and fragmentation of larger materials. Primary sources of microplastic can be tracked so it is easy to reduce it flow into the environment. They are generated from cleaning products, personal care products (e.g, about 263 tonnes of polyethylene is discharged into the environment from facial scrubs in the USA alone) and plastic feedstock. Also, microplastics can be created from by-products of production of any plastic materials (Napper et al., 2015). Plastic debris can bioaccumulate through food chain reaching humans causing harmful effects on health. The toxicity of microplastis is related to their shape, size and chemical properties. Most microplastics are divided to five categories polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), polyamides (PA) and polystyrene (PS). Studies done by Watts et al., (2014) and Cole and Galloway (2015) reported that many contaminants can bind to microplastics. Thus, their toxicity in aquatic system is still unknown. Currently there are a number of conflicting studies. Recently, a study done by Karami et al. (2017) found no effect of PE microplastic on zebrafish. While, Lu et al. (2016) found significant effect of PS fragments on zebrafish through causing lipid accumulation and inflammation in the liver as well as causing oxidative stress. Watts et al. (2014) found microplastic in the gills and intestine of shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) after 21 days of exposure. A study by Lu et al. (2016) examined high level exposure of 70 nm and 5-20 mm sizes of polystyrene fragments on zebrafish. He found fragments with size 5 mm in gut and gill after 7 days. While, only 20 mm fragments detected in gut and gill at end of experiment. Chen et al., (2017) found that BPA (Bisphenol A) could accumulate in muscle, gill, gut and head of zebrafish at different concentrations (3, 20, 43 and 85 ?g/g ww). While NPs were found to accumulate in fish at various tissues. Thus, the combination of BPA and NPs cause higher uptake of BPA in gut and head by 2.2 and 2.6-fold in contrast to BPA alone. Aquatic organisms face many different stressors. Some are clearly natural such as predators and parasites, while others are human-induced such as climate change. Climate models predict that Oman will experience higher and more prolonged periods of extreme heat. Fish are ectotherms which it regulates their body temperature according to outside sources. Kuczynski et al., (2017) reported that climate change in terms of temperature could affect the abundance and phenology of different species in fish. Changes in temperature could influence group cohesion before emergence and could affect their dispersal and survival (Colchen et al., 2017). The interaction between individuals is affecting on the group structure. Hence, the temperature might influence behavior leading to direct effect on social group (Colchen et al., 2017). It is important to study the effects of pollutants in the context of the real world environment. When the effects of natural stressors and combined with pollutants such as microplastics there is the potential for synergistic interactions resulting in higher toxicity than either stressor alone. This study will be at the leading edge of understanding these multiple interactions. References Batel, A., Borchert, F., Reinwald, H., Erdinger, L., and Braunbeck, T. (2018). Microplastic accumulation patterns and transfer of benzo [a] pyrene to adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) gills and zebrafish embryos. Enthvironmental Pollution, 235, 918-930. Chen, Q., Yin, D., Jia, Y., Schiwy, S., Legradi, J., Yang, S., and Hollert, H. (2017). Enhanced uptake of BPA in the presence of nanoplastics can lead to neurotoxic effects in adult zebrafish. Science of the Total Environment, 609, 1312-1321. Chen, T. H., Lin, C. Y., and Tseng, M. C. (2011). Behavioral effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). Marine pollution bulletin, 63(5-12), 303-308. Colchen, T., Teletchea, F., Fontaine, P., and Pasquet, A. (2017). Temperature modifies activity, inter-individual relationships and group structure in a fish. Current zoology, 63(2), 175-183. Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Halsband, C., and Galloway, T. S. (2011). Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Marine pollution bulletin, 62(12), 2588-2597. Johnston, B. D., Scown, T. M., Moger, J., Cumberland, S. A., Baalousha, M., Linge, K., ... and Tyler, C. R. (2010). Bioavailability of nanoscale metal oxides TiO2, CeO2, and ZnO to fish. Environmental science and technology, 44(3), 1144-1151. Karami, A., Groman, D. B., Wilson, S. P., Ismail, P., and Neela, V. K. (2017). Biomarker responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae exposed to pristine low-density polyethylene fragments. Environmental Pollution, 223, 466-475. Kuczynski, L., Chevalier, M., Laffaille, P., Legrand, M., and Grenouillet, G. (2017). Indirect effect of temperature on fish population abundances through phenological changes. PloS one, 12(4). Lapresta-Fern?ndez, A., Fernandez, A., and Blasco, J. (2012). Nanoecotoxicity effects of engineered silver and gold nanoparticles in aquatic organisms. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 32, 40-59. Lu, Y., Zhang, Y., Deng, Y., Jiang, W., Zhao, Y., Geng, J., ... and Ren, H. (2016). Uptake and accumulation of polystyrene microplastics in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and toxic effects in liver. Environmental science and technology, 50(7), 4054-4060. Nye, J.A., Link, J.S., Hare, J.A., Overholtz, W.J., 2009. Changing spatial distribution of fish stocks in relation to climate and population size on the Northeast United States continental shelf. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 393, 111?129. Watts, A. J., Lewis, C., Goodhead, R. M., Beckett, S. J., Moger, J., Tyler, C. R., and Galloway, T. S. (2014). Uptake and retention of microplastics by the shore crab Carcinus maenas. Environmental science and technology, 48(15), 8823-8830. Zhu, X., Wang, J., Zhang, X., Chang, Y., and Chen, Y. (2009). The impact of ZnO nanoparticle aggregates on the embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Nanotechnology, 20(19), 195103.
عنوان قصيرRecent studies have found man-made plastics in every environment from Antarctica to the bottom of Mariners Trench. They have also been found in the diet of most animals including humans. Microplastics are plastic fragments less than 5 mm in length and are
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